Hindus
brides traditionally wore red-or gold-coloured and embroidered
lehngas (long skirts) and dupattas or saris of Benares silk, but there
were many local variations. In Palitana royal brides wore long green skirts
and blouses with long red scarves rather than saris. In Travancore a long
strip of white pleated cloth like a sarong, called a mundu, was worn tucked
between the legs. In Rajasthan brides wore saris or skirts of red or saffron,
the colour of the sacrificial flame. 'Saffron and red are the two Rajput
colours', explains the Maharani of Wankaner. 'Saffron is the colour that
ascetics wear and I found it awe-inspiring having to wear this saffron
sari, which I had to do every day, as well as all the jewelry from Wankaner,
part of which was an ivory bangle that you must always wear and which
means that your husband is so brave that he'll kill an elephant. In the
old days these bangles were worn from above the elbow down to the wrist.'
Every bride was required to wear five essential articles of jewelry:
 |
A
tikka for the forehead, worn in the parting of the hair, signifying
'walk on the straight path'. |
 |
Earrings
to remind you not to have weak ears and listen to gossip |
 |
A
necklace so that your head is always bowed down in humility |
 |
Bangles
to tell you that your hand must always go forward for giving charity |
 |
Anklets
so that you put the right foot forward |
 |
The
nose-ring of which it was said that the pearl should not be heavier
than the nose, meaning you should not spend more than what your husband
could afford. |
So every bride was given these and told
the significance and she had to wear them throughout her married life.
The actual wedding ceremony itself, the kanyadan
or 'giving away', usually took place on the fourth or fifth day in the
courtyard of the City Palace, and was concentrated round the sacred fire
lit under the marriage pavilion, culminating in the saptapadi or seven
steps taken by bride and bridegroom round the fire.
There were other marriage games that often
involved the townspeople and local schools taking part in races and sports.
For the important guests there would be shikar during the day and musical
recitals, dancing and feasting in the evening. In a large state like Baroda
which had its own arena in the town there were gladiatorial games that
included wresting, combats between fighting rams and buffaloes and, as
the climax, a fight between a pair of bull elephants on rut. The women
would watch from behind chik blinds in the purdah enclosure: 'The elephant
fights were more for show than anything else. People would wave strips
of cloth and push them at each other but only rarely did they really fight,
so it wasn't very frightful'. Prisoners also benefited from the marriage
celebrations. In some state all were released, in others only a token
number of the less serious offenders were pardoned.
Once
the festivities were over a suitably auspicious moment had to be found
for the departure of the newly-weds together with their barat, now swelled
not only by the bride's dowry but by the maidservants from her father's
state who would be accompanying her to her new home, together with all
their families, chattels and live stock. Their departure to the local
railway station was once again done in great style, although in some parts
of Rajasthan the bride was taken away in secret - a relic of the uncertain
days of the past.
Not all brides left their parents' homes. Those not yet of age, like ten-year-old
Setu Lakshmibai of Travancore, were able to enjoy a few more years of
childhood:
For other brides there was no such period of transition. Marriage meant
a total break from one way of life and the start of another. Upon their
arrival at their new homes there would be more ordeals for them to undergo"
the ceremony of their acceptance into their husband's household by the
women of his family and, in many cases, the assumption of their married
names which, by tradition, were chosen by their in -laws and whispered
into ears by their new husbands. There would be other rituals to be performed
relating to their monthly cycles until finally, after one more marriage
feast, the new bride would be carried in her husband's arms into their
nuptial chamber and the marriage consummated.
Like many another newly wedded brides, Maharani Rama Kumari of Wankaner
was full of doubts as she said good bye to her old home: 'I was sad at
the thought of leaving my family. I was full of apprehension about what
was going to happen to me, about what the future held in store for me.'
As the third wife of the Maharaja of Jaipur, Gayatri Devi also left her
home full of apprehension, although in her case there was to be a Western
style honeymoon in Ootacamund before she entered Jaipur:
We left by train down to Calcutta and that's where I got my first taste
of purdah, because when we arrived a silver screen was put round the door
of the compartment. There was a car inside it complete with curtains and
I was told to get into this. The depressed me a lot because I hadn't expected
it. One of my brothers who was just going to join his first regiment came
in the car with me and all the way he kept nudging me, saying, 'Hey, I
hope you're not going to live this all the time.'
|